European Politics Overview

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Climate & Energy
Country Profiles — Major EU Member States
Defence & Security
EU Expansion
EU Institutions & Governance
EU-UK Relations
Far-Right & Populist Surge

Climate & Energy

Last updated: 25 May 2026

European Green Deal — Implementation Status

The Green Deal remains formally intact but has been depoliticised and partially deprioritised relative to industrial competitiveness and defence.

Delivered:

European Climate Law (net-zero by 2050, 55% reduction by 2030)
Fit for 55 package — largely adopted by 2024
EU ETS Phase 4 operational
Renewable Energy Directive (RED III) — 42.5% target (aspiration for 45%)
CBAM in transitional phase
Deforestation-free products regulation

Stalled/Watered Down:

Nature Restoration Law — facing significant member state pushback
2035 combustion-engine car ban softened — changed to a 90% CO2 reduction target with e-fuel/biofuel loopholes
The "Industrial Accelerator Act" (originally "Industrial Decarbonisation Accelerator Act") had the word "decarbonisation" dropped from its title by von der Leyen in Sept 2025 amid internal disputes
Agricultural emissions — CAP reforms watered down after farmer protests

Fit for 55 Package

13 legislative proposals covering:

Tightened EU ETS (more ambitious cap, faster reduction)
Parallel ETS for buildings and transport (ETS2) — launched 2024, politically contentious
CBAM — transitional phase active, full implementation from 2026
2035 ICE phase-out — amended to 90% CO2 reduction target
Higher renewables and energy efficiency targets
Social Climate Fund — to cushion impact of carbon pricing on vulnerable households

CBAM implementation snags:

Complexity of calculating embedded emissions for imports
Administrative burden on importers
Developing countries have complained to the WTO
Free allowance phase-out alignment with CBAM ramp-up still disputed
UK has introduced its own CBAM — alignment/mutual recognition talks ongoing

EU ETS (Phase 4)

Carbon price trajectory: Fell from peaks of ~€100/t in early 2023 to around €65-75/t through 2024-2025 due to reduced industrial output and faster renewables deployment
Market Stability Reserve continues absorbing surplus allowances
ETS2 (buildings/transport) launched in 2024 — has been highly politically contentious, with member states fearing public backlash over heating costs
EU's carbon price is still the world's highest, but the gap with other jurisdictions is narrowing

Renewable Energy Directive (RED III)

Target: 42.5% renewables share of energy consumption by 2030 (aspiration for 45%)
Legally binding since late 2023
EU's solar/wind growth pushed fossil-fuel power to its lowest level in 40 years (Jan 2025)
Solar capacity additions hit records in 2024-25
Wind: offshore wind expansion accelerating but facing permitting bottlenecks and supply chain constraints

Energy Crisis Fallout (Ukraine War / REPowerEU)

REPowerEU Outcomes

Russian pipeline gas imports fell from ~40% of EU gas in 2021 to under 8% by 2023
LNG imports from US and Norway soared
European renewable capacity additions hit records
New LNG terminals built at pace in Germany, Netherlands, Greece

Russian Gas via Ukraine Transit

The 5-year transit deal expired on 31 December 2024
Hungary and Slovakia continued receiving some Russian gas via TurkStream
Zelensky refused to renegotiate transit
As of May 2026, no Russian gas flows through Ukraine

LNG Dependency

EU became the world's largest LNG importer in 2023
Critics warn of LNG lock-in and stranded assets — long-term contracts lock Europe into fossil fuel infrastructure
Germany's new LNG terminals are controversial with climate groups

New Iran War (Feb 2026) — Second Energy Crisis

The US-Israeli attack on Iran triggered a second energy shock
Cost the EU an additional €24bn for oil/gas imports
Oil spiked over $100/barrel
Commission launched "AccelerateEU" (23 April 2026) — 44 actions including:
- Electrification target
- Gas storage fill requirements
- Tax changes favouring electricity over gas
- Accelerated renewable permitting

Green Deal Industrial Plan / NZIA / CRMA

Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA)

Adopted Spring 2024
Targets 40% of net-zero tech manufacturing needs met domestically by 2030
Covers solar, wind, batteries, heat pumps, electrolysers, grid technologies
Simplified permitting for strategic projects

Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA)

Adopted 2024
Targets: 10% extraction, 40% processing, 25% recycling of strategic raw materials within EU
Diversification away from Chinese dominance in rare earths, lithium, cobalt
Strategic partnerships with resource-rich countries (Chile, Australia, Namibia)

Industrial Accelerator Act (March 2026)

Proposed "Made in Europe" procurement rules for low-carbon steel, cement, and EV parts
Controversial — some environmentalists call it "climate law in disguise", others fear climate focus being sidelined for competitiveness
Von der Leyen dropped "decarbonisation" from the title
Germany opposed restrictive "made in Europe" rules

Member State Pushback

Farmer Protests

Major protests across France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Belgium in 2023-24
Directed against: fertiliser restrictions, CAP reforms, nitrogen rules, pesticide bans
Commission watered down several agricultural proposals
The far right successfully channelled this anger — Politico: "Dutch farmers back Wilders as centrist nightmares come true"

Centre-Right Turn

Germany's CDU won Feb 2025 election — climate ambition downgraded relative to competitiveness
France's RN expected to do well in 2027 presidential race
European Parliament shifted right in 2024 elections — Greens lost seats
AfD/RN climate denialism: AfD platform includes leaving EU climate policy, reopening coal plants

2040 Target Debate

Commission proposed 90% net reduction by 2040 (July 2025 amendment to Climate Law)
Key controversy: includes international carbon credits from 2036, wider use of carbon removals in EU ETS
Climate NGOs called it a "watered down" target
EU missed the Feb 2025 UN deadline for new NDCs — now faces Sept 2026 deadline
Member states (led by Germany, Poland, Italy) pushed for flexibilities

Heat Pump and EV Market

EV Sales

EVs outsold petrol cars in EU for the first time in December 2025 (217,898 EVs vs 216,492 petrol, up 51% YoY)
Full-year 2025: 17.4% market share (up from 13.6% in 2024)
Chinese EV maker BYD tripled market share to 1.9%
Tesla's market share dropped 37.9% in 2025 amid Musk controversy
Automotive sector pushed back hard — Stellantis claimed "no natural demand" for EVs
EU responded by softening the 2035 ban to a 90% CO2 target with e-fuel loopholes

Heat Pump Slowdown

Heat pump sales in Europe fell in 2024 after a boom in 2022-2023
Partly due to policy uncertainty in Germany and reduced gas/electricity price differential
AccelerateEU plan includes tax changes to favour electricity over gas

Sources

Carbon Brief — EU solar/wind pushed fossil fuel to lowest level in 40 years (Jan 2025)
Carbon Brief — EU 2040 target: 90% net reduction proposed (July 2025)
Carbon Brief — Nature Restoration Law pushback
Politico Europe — "Industrial Decarbonisation Accelerator Act" renamed (Sept 2025)
Politico Europe — "AccelerateEU: 44 actions for second energy crisis" (Apr 2026)
Politico Europe — "Commission's stealth migration drop" — broader policy shift context
BBC News — Farmer protests across Europe (2024)
BBC News — Germany's Zeitenwende climate implications
Wikipedia — Fit for 55, RED III, NZIA, CRMA, EU ETS Phase 4
European Commission — REPowerEU outcomes report
Politico Europe — "Dutch farmers back Wilders as centrist nightmares come true" (Feb 2024)

Country Profiles — Major EU Member States

Last updated: 25 May 2026

🇩🇪 Germany

Chancellor: Friedrich Merz (CDU) Government: CDU/CSU-SPD grand coalition (since Feb 2025) Next election due: 2029 (but coalition could collapse earlier)

State of the nation:

Economy struggling — tax revenues slashed by ~€70bn for 2026-2030, blamed on Trump's Iran war causing global energy shock
Economy has been stagnant for years with high energy costs and weak export demand
Major transatlantic tensions: Merz publicly said US was "humiliated" by Iran; Trump responded by cutting 5,000 US troops from Germany
Migration policy shifted right under Merz — "asylum turnaround," pushbacks at borders
Asylum seeker numbers down
Merz proposed "associate EU membership" for Ukraine — Zelenskyy rejected it
Key challenge: Merz's weak mandate, internal coalition tensions, and an emboldened AfD at ~20%

🇫🇷 France

President: Emmanuel Macron (lame duck — serving final year, cannot run again) Next presidential election: April-May 2027

2027 Presidential Race:

Édouard Philippe (ex-PM, Horizons, centre-right) is clear early favourite — only candidate who can beat RN in round two
Marine Le Pen (RN, 57) — still strong but facing potential EU embezzlement trial appeal verdict (7 July 2026), which could bar her from standing
Jordan Bardella (RN, 30) — will stand if Le Pen is barred
Jean-Luc Mélenchon (LFI, 70) — declared candidacy. Platform: dismantle billionaire media empires, heavy taxes on business, opt-out from EU rules
Gabriel Attal (Renaissance) — declared on Friday (date TBC)
Bruno Retailleau (Republicans) — centre-right risks splitting the vote
Macron has said he won't step down early

State of the nation:

RN remains the dominant opposition force (polling ~30%+ in European elections)
Fiscal situation stretched — high debt-to-GDP ratio, pension reform still contested
Economy performing better than Germany but below expectations

🇮🇹 Italy

Prime Minister: Giorgia Meloni (Fratelli d'Italia) Government: FdI-Forza Italia-Lega coalition Next general election: 2027

State of the nation:

Meloni lost the constitutional referendum on 23 March 2026 — 54% No vs 46% Yes (turnout ~60%)
The reform would have separated judges and prosecutors; opponents said it threatened separation of powers
First significant electoral defeat for Meloni's government
Local elections (May 2026) showed coalition still performing well
Economy stagnant — Trump's Iran war hitting energy costs hard
EU relations: Meloni a close Trump ally domestically unpopular
Press freedom concerns remain (Politico: "A dangerous new phase")
Next general election due 2027

🇪🇸 Spain

Prime Minister: Pedro Sánchez (PSOE) Government: PSOE-Sumar coalition, dependent on Catalan separatist and Basque parties Next election: TBC (currently serving full term to 2027)

State of the nation:

Sánchez still in power but embattled since corruption scandal involving wife Begoña Gómez (Apr 2024)
Catalan amnesty law passed May 2024 — controversial, approved by slim majority
Coalition with Sumar is fragile — depends on Junts, ERC (Catalan separatists) and Bildu, PNV (Basque)
Economy performing relatively well — "envy of Europe" per BBC (tourism boom, strong services sector)
Sánchez took strong anti-Trump line on Iran war trade threats
April 2026: Spain moves to grant legal status to 500,000 unauthorised immigrants — direct challenge to Vox
Far-right Vox remains significant opposition at ~12-14%

🇳🇱 Netherlands

Prime Minister: Rob Jetten (D66) — from 23 Feb 2026 Government: Minority coalition — D66 + VVD + CDA

State of the nation:

Dramatic political shift in 2026: Schoof cabinet (with PVV support) collapsed Feb 2026 after PVV withdrew June 2025 and NSC withdrew Aug 2025
New election Oct 2025: D66's Rob Jetten (38) narrowly beat Wilders
Jetten became Netherlands' youngest ever and first openly gay PM
Wilders (PVV) now in opposition, vowing to oppose everything
Minority coalition means every reform must be negotiated vote-by-vote
Key policies: migration/asylum reform, €19bn extra defence spending, healthcare/benefits cuts

🇵🇱 Poland

Prime Minister: Donald Tusk (Civic Coalition) Government: KO-Third Way-Left coalition President: Karol Nawrocki (PiS-aligned, from 2025)

State of the nation:

Tusk's pro-EU coalition government in power since late 2023
EU funds unblocked after rule-of-law restoration efforts (€137bn)
Rule of law restoration ongoing — reversing PiS judicial reforms
President Nawrocki (PiS-aligned) elected 2025 — gives PiS veto power and ability to block legislation
PiS remains largest single party (~33-35%)
Recent blow: Politico (25 May 2026): "Poland's right wing topples Kraków's liberal mayor in fresh blow to Tusk" — local election setbacks
Tusk pushing military training for all men; accusing Russia of sabotage
Former PiS justice minister Ziobro a fugitive in US facing 26 charges

🇸🇪 Sweden

Prime Minister: Ulf Kristersson (Moderates) Government: M-KD-L coalition with confidence-and-supply from Sweden Democrats Next election: 13 September 2026

State of the nation:

Kristersson in power since Oct 2022 via Tidö Agreement with SD
Most restrictive migration policy in Swedish history enacted under SD influence
Government still in office — polls suggest tight election ahead
Sweden backed Ukraine's NATO path
A September 2026 election will test whether SD can break into formal government

🇦🇹 Austria

Chancellor: Karl Nehammer (ÖVP) — caretaker Incoming: Likely Herbert Kickl (FPÖ) Government situation: FPÖ won Sept 2024 election (~28.8%, first place). ÖVP initially refused coalition but now signalling willingness. FPÖ-ÖVP coalition most likely outcome.

State of the nation:

If Kickl becomes Chancellor, he would be Austria's first far-right leader since WWII
Politico: "In Austria's Kickl, the EU has its next Orbán"
Kickl uses term "Volkskanzler" (Nazi connotations) and calls for "remigration"
EU nervously watching — Kickl would significantly alter the Council's political balance
Joined PfE grouping in European Parliament

🇧🇪 Belgium

Prime Minister: Bart De Wever (N-VA) Government: Right-wing coalition with Flemish separatists Formation history: June 2024 election — 7+ months of negotiations. De Wever became PM on 31 Jan 2025. Longest formation crisis in Belgian history finally resolved.

State of the nation:

N-VA (Flemish nationalist) largest party after June 2024 election, surprisingly beating Vlaams Belang
Government is right-wing coalition with Flemish separatist at helm
Ongoing tensions with French-speaking parties
Belgium's complex federal structure continues to make governance difficult
De Wever: the man who previously wanted to destroy Belgium now running it (Politico)

Sources

BBC News — various country profiles and election coverage
Politico Europe — country-by-country analysis (May 2026)
BBC News — "Merz wins German election, CDU returns to power" (Feb 2025)
Politico Europe — "The incredible shrinking German chancellor" (May 2026)
BBC News — "Race for French presidency sees ex-PM Philippe as early favourite" (May 2026)
Politico Europe — "Meloni loses constitutional referendum" (Mar 2026)
Politico Europe — "Spain moves to grant legal status to 500,000 unauthorised immigrants" (Apr 2026)
BBC News — "Sánchez government survives but weakened"
Politico Europe — "De Wever: the man who wants to destroy Belgium reluctantly heads toward running it" (2024)
Politico Europe — "Netherlands: Jetten ousts Wilders in shock election result" (Oct 2025)
Politico Europe — "Poland's right wing topples Kraków's liberal mayor" (25 May 2026)
Wikipedia — various country election pages and government pages

Defence & Security

Last updated: 25 May 2026

EU Defence Integration

PESCO / European Defence Fund / EDIRPA

PESCO (Permanent Structured Cooperation): 68 projects running, covering military training, cyber, maritime security, and medical support. Member states committed to increasing defence budgets, but compliance remains uneven.
European Defence Fund (EDF): €8 billion for 2021-2027 — funding joint R&D for defence capabilities. Next MFF expected to substantially increase this.
EDIRPA (European Defence Industry Reinforcement through Common Procurement Act): Operational since 2023 — incentivises joint procurement, addresses the fragmentation of European defence procurement.
EU military mobility: Von der Leyen headed to Lithuania for "drone crisis talks" (May 2026), emphasising the military mobility/airspace security nexus.

Strategic Compass

The EU's Strategic Compass (adopted March 2022) continues implementation
Pushes the bloc to define itself as a credible security actor independent of the US
Rapid Deployment Capacity (up to 5,000 troops) not yet fully operational — member states have been slow to commit forces

EU-NATO Cooperation

Trump/Iran War Context

The US-Iran war (Feb 2026) has fundamentally reshaped the transatlantic dynamic:

"Europe races to make it harder for Trump to rattle NATO" (Politico) — European leaders actively building structures that limit US leverage over NATO
Trump's chaotic decision-making on troop deployments — first refusing to commit troops to Poland, then U-turning to pledge an additional 5,000 troops
US cut troop levels in Germany by 5,000 amid Trump's personal spat with Merz
Rubio tried to reassure allies but acknowledged Trump's "disappointment" with NATO would be discussed at the Ankara summit

Joint Declaration

The 2023 and 2024 EU-NATO Joint Declarations remain the framework for cooperation
Focus areas: military mobility, cyber defence, hybrid threats, resilience of critical infrastructure
The Trump/Iran war has accelerated cooperation — EU sees NATO as vulnerable to US domestic politics

Ukraine War (May 2026)

Current Situation (Day 1,552)

Russia launched an Oreshnik hypersonic ballistic missile strike on Kyiv on 24 May 2026 — described as a "deranged attack" and "reckless nuclear brinkmanship"
Russia threatens more Kyiv strikes and told foreign nationals to leave
A Luhansk strike sparked Russian accusations and vows to retaliate
Russia testing NATO's eastern flank via drone incursions into Polish/Romanian airspace
Frontlines have shifted little in 2025-26 — a war of attrition dominated by drone warfare, artillery duels, and missile strikes on infrastructure

EU Military Aid

European Peace Facility (EPF): Topped up multiple times. Total has exceeded €12 billion in military support for Ukraine
Ammunition plan: The "one million shells" initiative fell short — only ~500,000 delivered by early 2025. EU is now pursuing longer-term production contracts
Training mission (EUMAM Ukraine): Has trained over 60,000 Ukrainian soldiers
Lithuania calling for frozen Russian assets to be used for Ukraine funding

Ukraine's NATO Membership

Sweden publicly backed Ukraine's path to NATO
Rutte confirmed Zelenskyy would attend the NATO summit in Ankara
The Ankara summit is seen as a pivotal moment for Ukraine's membership pathway
No consensus yet — US, Germany, and Hungary (pre-Orbán) reluctant; UK, Poland, Baltic states pushing hard

European Troop Deployments

Discussions ongoing about European troop deployments for post-war security guarantees
UK troops already deployed in Estonia as part of NATO's enhanced Forward Presence
France has floated the idea of a "European military mission" to Ukraine
No formal decision taken — highly sensitive given risk of direct escalation with Russia

National Defence Spending

Across Europe, defence spending has surged:

NATO target of 2% GDP is now met by 23 of 32 members (up from 8 in 2022)
Several countries pushing toward 2.5% or 3% (Poland on track for 4%)
Germany: €100bn special fund for the Bundeswehr has yielded mixed results — bureaucratic inertia despite increased spending. BBC reported US troop withdrawal from Germany seen as "foreseeable"
UK: Defence spending at 2.3% GDP — Labour committed to maintaining this. UK-EU security pact being negotiated (see EU-UK Relations)
France: Macron declared Europe's freedom faces its greatest threat since WW2
Poland: Pushing 4% GDP — Europe's highest proportional spender, massive modernisation programme

European Defence Industry

Joint Procurement

EDIRPA driving collaborative procurement (ammunition, air defence, drones)
European allies rushing to bolster Cyprus defences after drones targeted a British base
EU trying to reduce dependency on US defence equipment

German Zeitenwende

The €100bn special fund and policy shift announced by Scholz in Feb 2022
Results mixed: procurement still slow, bureaucracy slow to adapt
Germany committing to long-term contracts for ammunition, Eurofighter, naval vessels
But US troop withdrawal and Merz's difficult coalition have created uncertainty

French Push for Strategic Autonomy

France continues pushing for European strategic autonomy from the US
2027 presidential race (Philippe favourite) will determine direction
Macron has long argued Europe cannot rely on the US for its security

UK-EU Defence Pact (May 2026)

The flagship deliverable of Starmer's EU reset:

Labour's David Lammy promised a new UK-EU security pact
Covers military mobility, joint procurement, intelligence sharing, and cyber defence
Kaja Kallas stated "fishing shouldn't block a defence pact" — indicating the political will to separate defence negotiations from broader TCA disputes

Sources

Politico Europe — "Europe races to make it harder for Trump to rattle NATO" (2026)
BBC News — "Nato chief urges Europeans to boost defence spending" (2026)
BBC News — "Macron: Europe's freedom faces greatest threat since WW2" (2026)
BBC News — "US cuts 5,000 troops from Germany" (2026)
BBC News — "UK wargamed AI-driven NATO conflict with Russia" (2026)
BBC News — "Labour's Lammy promises new UK-EU security pact" (2026)
BBC News — "European allies rush to bolster Cyprus defences after drone attack on British base" (2026)
Politico Europe — "Von der Leyen heads to Lithuania for drone crisis talks" (May 2026)
Politico Europe — "Sweden backs Ukraine's path to NATO" (2026)
Politico Europe — "Zelenskyy confirmed for Ankara NATO summit" (2026)
Wikipedia — PESCO, Strategic Compass, European Defence Fund

EU Expansion

Last updated: 25 May 2026

Overview

The Ukraine war has fundamentally accelerated EU enlargement — unprecedented speed from application (Feb 2022) to candidate negotiations (June 2024) for Ukraine and Moldova. But the process remains uneven, with the Western Balkans stalled in decade-long negotiations and Georgia frozen. Orbán's fall (Apr 2026) is the most significant political development for enlargement — removing the single biggest obstacle.

Ukraine — Accession Status: Candidate Negotiating

Applied: 28 Feb 2022 (4 days after Russian invasion)
Candidate status granted: 23 June 2022
Negotiations opened: 25 June 2024 (simultaneously with Moldova)
Bilateral screening completed: 30 Sept 2025
Chapters opened: 0 of 33

What's blocked:

Hungary under Orbán blocked opening of negotiations clusters through 2025 — argued integrating "a country at war"
Orbán's fall (Apr 2026) is the breakthrough: Kyiv and Budapest launched talks on Hungarian minority rights (18 May 2026) — positive signal for unblocking
Slovakia (Fico) threatened to withdraw support over Druzhba oil pipeline dispute
Germany (Merz) cast doubt on Ukraine joining by 2034 (Jan 2026 statement)
EU Ambassador Katarína Mathernová stated (22 May 2026) that Orbán's fall created "fresh momentum" — but that "others were hiding behind him" and are now exposed

Informal progress:

Ukraine received Draft Common Positions on clusters 1, 2, and 6 on 11 Dec 2025 — first time an official negotiating position was revealed to a candidate pre-opening
Ukraine has pushed for phased integration into the Single Market before full membership

Moldova — Accession Status: Candidate Negotiating

Applied: 3 March 2022
Candidate status granted: 23 June 2022
Negotiations opened: 25 June 2024
Screening completed: 22 Sept 2025
Chapters opened: 0 of 33

Key developments:

Target date of 2028 for EU accession — the most ambitious timeline of any candidate
Oct 2024 constitutional referendum: narrowly voted to amend constitution to include EU membership aim
Pro-European PAS party retained power in Sept 2025 parliamentary elections
Receiving €1.9 billion Growth Plan (2025-2027)
Informal opening of all chapters began 17 March 2026 — to bypass Hungary's veto (before Orbán's fall)
Challenge: European Commission expressed concern over dismissal of National Bank governor Octavian Armașu as a risk to governance

Georgia — Status: Frozen

Status: Candidate status granted Dec 2023, but accession process is effectively frozen / suspended

Key events:

"Foreign agents" law (passed by Georgian Dream 2024) — requiring NGOs and media to register as receiving foreign funding
EU de facto halted Georgia's accession process on 9 July 2024
EU halted all financial aid to the Georgian government (redirected to civil society) from 27 June 2024
2024 parliamentary elections disputed — European Parliament rejected results, called for re-run
28 Nov 2024: PM Kobakhidze announced Georgia suspended EU accession negotiations until end of 2028
Massive protests followed. Constitutional crisis: disputed presidential inauguration
No screening has taken place. No chapters opened or closed.

Western Balkans

Montenegro — Most Advanced Candidate

Chapters opened: 33/33 (100%) ✅
Chapters provisionally closed: 14/33 (42.4%)
Earliest possible entry: 2028
Key development (22 Apr 2026): EU ambassadors approved creation of ad hoc working group for drafting Montenegro's accession treaty — a major milestone
Commissioner Marta Kos stated Montenegro could complete negotiations by 2028
19 chapters remain to be closed
Only candidate to have met interim benchmarks for Chapters 23 & 24 (judiciary, fundamental rights)
Public support for EU membership: ~81%

Serbia — Negotiating Since 2014

Chapters opened: 22/34 (64.7%)
Chapters closed: 2/34 (5.9%)
Earliest possible entry: 2029-2030
No progress since December 2021 — negotiations stalled
Main blocks: Kosovo recognition, democratic backsliding, failure to align with EU sanctions on Russia, media freedom
Benchmarks met for opening 3 more chapters (10, 16, 19) in Dec 2024 but postponed due to conditionality
21 May 2026: Serbia's parliament head Ana Brnabić accused EU of "double standards" — arguing Ukraine was fast-tracked while Serbia's decade-old talks stall

Albania — Negotiating Since July 2022

Chapters opened: 0/33 (screening completed Nov 2023)
First chapters opened in Oct 2024
Commissioner Kos suggested 2029 as possible accession date
Main challenge: rule of law, organised crime, corruption

North Macedonia — Negotiating Since July 2022

Chapters opened: 0/33 (screening completed Dec 2023)
Key block: Opening of Fundamentals cluster conditional on constitutional amendment recognising Bulgarian minority — Bulgarian veto
No progress on this amendment as of May 2026
Name dispute (with Greece) resolved 2018-19 but bilateral issues continue to block

Bosnia and Herzegovina — Candidate (Not Yet Negotiating)

Candidate status granted Dec 2022
March 2024: European Council granted conditional approval for opening negotiations
But negotiations framework has NOT been adopted
Blocks: Republika Srpska (Milorad Dodik) has obstructed EU path — in Jan 2025 stated he would "seriously reconsider" EU path and prefers secession
Four cantons blocked Growth Plan reform package in July 2024
Still needs: approved reform package, national programme for EU law adoption, chief negotiator appointment

Kosovo — Applicant / Potential Candidate

Not yet candidate status
Blocked by: Five EU member states (Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Slovakia) do not recognise Kosovo's independence
No progress expected until recognition issue resolved
EU-facilitated Belgrade-Pristina dialogue ongoing but stalled

Enlargement Reform Debates

Orbán's Fall (April 2026) — Game Changer

The single biggest political shift in EU enlargement
Péter Magyar's win removed Hungary's chief obstructionist
EU Ambassador Mathernová (22 May 2026): others were "hiding behind him" and are now exposed
EU sanctions on Israeli settlers previously blocked by Orbán now proceeding
Frozen EU funds for Hungary likely to be unblocked under Magyar

Gradual Integration / "Phasing-In"

New enlargement methodology (2020) divides 35 chapters into 6 clusters — Fundamentals opened first and closed last
Commission exploring "gradual integration" — allowing candidates partial access to EU policies (Single Market areas, research programmes) before full membership
Ukraine pushing hardest for this approach

Internal EU Reform First?

Debate between "enlarge before reforming" vs "reform institutions before enlarging"
A larger EU would require changes to voting weights (QMV), budget contributions, structural funds allocation
The 2030 target (Charles Michel at Bled Forum) seen as aspirational for the first ready candidates

Serbia's "Double Standards" Complaint

Brnabić's accusation reflects growing Serbian frustration
Ukraine's fast-track (application to negotiations in <2.5 years) compared to Western Balkans' decade+
Serbia argues it is being punished for its friendly stance toward Russia rather than actual backsliding

Sources

European Commission — Enlargement reports
Wikipedia — Accession of Ukraine to the European Union
Wikipedia — Accession of Moldova to the European Union
Wikipedia — Accession of Georgia to the European Union
Wikipedia — Accession of Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia, Bosnia, Kosovo
Politico Europe — "Orbán's exit leaves Israel exposed in Europe" (Apr 2026)
Politico Europe — "Hungary's Magyar meets von der Leyen" (Apr 2026)
Politico Europe — EU Ambassador Mathernová on Ukraine momentum (22 May 2026)
Politico Europe — "Serbia's parliament head condemns EU double standards" (21 May 2026)
BBC News — "Montenegro: EU ambassadors approve working group for accession treaty" (22 Apr 2026)

EU Institutions & Governance

Last updated: 25 May 2026

European Commission — von der Leyen II (2024-2029)

Ursula von der Leyen secured a second term as Commission President after the 2024 European Parliament elections, backed by EPP, S&D, and Renew. Her second-term priorities are built around the EU Strategic Agenda 2024-2029, focusing on security, competitiveness, and climate transition — but with the political centre of gravity shifted rightwards.

Key new commissioners and portfolio shifts

Post-2024 election reshuffle gave more influence to EPP-aligned commissioners. Key portfolios:

Competitiveness and industrial policy — elevated as the dominant agenda, reflecting pressure from member states to prioritise economic growth over regulation
Defence and security — a new dedicated portfolio reflecting the post-Ukraine war, post-Trump shift
Migration and border management — hardened line, reflecting the Pact on Migration's adoption and the broader European rightward shift

Political direction

Von der Leyen has shifted the Commission steadily rightward on migration and competitiveness
"Stealth migration drop" — Politico reported (Nov 2025) that the Commission pushed restrictive measures through without full parliamentary scrutiny
The Green Deal remains formally intact but has been deprioritised relative to industrial competitiveness
The 2040 climate target (90% net reduction) was proposed July 2025 but softened by member state pushback

European Parliament — 2024-2029 Term

Composition after June 2024 elections:

EPP (centre-right): largest group ~185 seats
S&D (social democrats): second ~135 seats
Renew Europe (liberals): third ~80 seats
Patriots for Europe (far right): ~84 seats — led by Jordan Bardella (RN)
ECR (hard right): ~70 seats — led by Meloni's Fratelli d'Italia
Greens/EFA: declined to ~50 seats
The Left: ~35 seats
ESN (far right, including AfD): ~25 seats

The pro-EU coalition (EPP+S&D+Renew) still holds a majority but is narrower than in 2019-2024. The far right now controls roughly 25-28% of seats across three groups (PfE, ECR, ESN). This has shifted the political centre of gravity — the EPP increasingly votes with the right on migration and competitiveness issues.

European Council — Key Dynamics

Orbán's fall (April 2026) is the single biggest shift — Hungary under Péter Magyar is now pro-EU, pro-rule of law. This removes the most consistent veto player on Ukraine aid, sanctions, and enlargement.
Macron is serving out his final year (lame duck, cannot run again 2027)
Scholz replaced by Friedrich Merz (CDU) after Germany's Feb 2025 election — more Atlanticist on defence, more conservative on migration
Meloni remains in power but weakened by March 2026 constitutional referendum defeat
Tusk (Poland) back at the table after PiS lost power — driving rule of law restoration and EU fund unlocking
Rutte is now NATO Secretary-General (since Oct 2024) — replaced by Dick Schoof then Rob Jetten in the Netherlands

Qualified Majority Voting Reform

The debate around moving foreign policy and taxation to QMV (away from national veto) has intensified:

Enlargement reform: Phased accession and QMV on enlargement decisions being discussed as necessary for a 35+ member EU
Sanctions: Orbán's serial vetoes on Russia sanctions before his fall strengthened the case for QMV
Taxation: Still unanimous — no progress on moving to QMV
Foreign policy: Some member states (Germany, France, Benelux) pushing for QMV on foreign policy decisions; others (smaller states) resisting

Rule of Law — Article 7 and Member States

Hungary (Post-Orbán)

The biggest rule of law story of 2026. Péter Magyar's Tisza Party won a landslide in the April 2026 election, ending 16 years of Fidesz rule. Key developments:

EU frozen funds now likely to be unblocked — Magyar met von der Leyen in April 2026 to discuss
Article 7 proceedings likely to be wound down
The European Parliament's rule of law rapporteur has already signalled a reset in relations

Poland (Under Tusk)

Tusk's government has been systematically reversing PiS's judicial reforms
EU funds (€137 billion in RRF and cohesion) were unblocked in early 2024 after milestones were met
However, PiS-allied President Duda (until Aug 2025) used veto powers to block some reforms — and PiS-aligned Karol Nawrocki won the 2025 presidential election, giving PiS-aligned veto power until 2030
Next PiS trial: Former Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro is reportedly a fugitive in the US facing 26 charges

Slovakia (Under Fico)

Fico's third-term government is moving to dismantle rule of law protections
Whistleblower protections under threat (blocked by courts Dec 2025)
Party of European Socialists permanently expelled Smer for its far-right turn (Sept 2025)
Pro-Russia, anti-Ukraine stance isolates Slovakia within the EU

Strategic Agenda 2024-2029 — Priorities

A prosperous and competitive Europe — industrial policy, single market deepening, regulatory simplification
A green and just transition — Green Deal, REPowerEU, Fit for 55 delivery
A secure Europe — defence integration, security partnerships, border management
A Europe that protects democracy — rule of law, media freedom, anti-disinformation
A stronger Europe in the world — enlargement, neighbourhood policy, global partnerships

Next MFF Negotiations (2028-2034)

The next Multiannual Financial Framework will be the first negotiated with a potential EU of 30+ members
Key debates: defence spending (new European Defence Fund expected to be substantially larger), agricultural subsidies (CAP reform inevitable with Ukrainian accession reducing budget for existing members), cohesion policy reform
Net contributor countries (Germany, Netherlands, Sweden) pushing for budget discipline
EU's own resources debate continues — digital levy, CBAM revenues, ETS expansion as potential new EU-level revenues

Sources

Politico Europe — "The incredible shrinking German chancellor" (May 2026)
Politico Europe — "Commission's stealth migration drop hits Parliament" (Nov 2025)
BBC News — "Hungary's new PM Magyar sworn in after landslide victory over Orbán" (Apr 2026)
BBC News — "Poland's PiS opposition sinks deeper into financial trouble" (Nov 2024)
Politico Europe — "Orbán's exit leaves Israel exposed in Europe" (Apr 2026)
Politico Europe — "Hungary's Magyar meets von der Leyen to game-plan unlocking frozen EU funds" (Apr 2026)
European Commission — Strategic Agenda 2024-2029
Wikipedia — Von der Leyen Commission II
Wikipedia — 2024 European Parliament election
Politico Europe — "Slovak court stalls Fico's drive to scrap whistleblower protections" (Dec 2025)

EU-UK Relations

Last updated: 25 May 2026

TCA Review (2026 Scheduled Review)

The Trade and Cooperation Agreement's five-year review clause is active in 2026. Key points of renegotiation:

Auto tariffs cliff edge

From January 2027, stricter rules of origin for EVs take effect — batteries/components sourced from outside UK/EU will attract 10% tariffs
UK and EU scrambling for a "technical workaround" to soften the impact (Politico, March 2026)
Major automakers on both sides face significant cost exposure

Fisheries

The most contentious issue. Annual quota negotiations remain tense
France has played hardball — Macron linking fishing access to the wider reset (Politico, May 2025)
UK position: maintaining larger share post-Brexit. EU position: linking fishing access to other concessions

SPS checks

Veterinary/SPS agreement talks ongoing but not yet concluded
Labour has signalled willingness to negotiate a bilateral SPS deal to reduce border friction — a key ask from UK food and farming sector

CBAM alignment

UK has introduced its own Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
Discussions ongoing about alignment or mutual recognition with the EU CBAM
No formal agreement yet

Windsor Framework Implementation

Current status: The Framework is now largely bedded in operationally:

"Not for EU" labelling now visible in Northern Ireland supermarkets (Asda first major retailer to implement)
Green/red lane system for GB-NI goods movement operational
Parcel delivery scheme opened for GB-NI consumer goods
Stormont brake mechanism remains unused but exists as a safety valve

Northern Ireland political stability:

Further tweaks needed: The Framework is broadly stable but business groups continue to report friction on GB-NI agri-food movements. Some unionist figures argue the brake is insufficient.

Labour Government's Approach (Starmer's Reset)

Starmer's EU reset strategy described as "ruthlessly pragmatic" (BBC, April 2026). He has repeatedly said the reset "does not mean reversing Brexit" but pursuing closer sectoral cooperation.

Defence/Security Pact (May 2026)

The flagship deliverable of the reset. EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas stated "fishing shouldn't block a defence pact" (BBC, May 2025 — still live into 2026). A UK-EU security treaty is being negotiated covering military mobility, joint procurement, and intelligence sharing.

Youth Mobility Scheme

Starmer has signalled openness to including youth mobility as part of the deal
EU has demanded this as a condition (Politico, Dec 2024 — "Fish, the court and youth access: EU's demands")
Labour internally divided — TUC chief Paul Nowak urged Starmer not to rule out mobility measures (Politico, May 2025)

Veterinary/SPS Agreement

Talks ongoing. Seen as "low-hanging fruit" for reducing trade friction without reopening Brexit
Would reduce border checks on agri-food products

Financial Services Equivalence

Being pursued on a piecemeal basis
UK seeking greater equivalence decisions from the EU
Memorandum of Understanding on financial services regulatory cooperation in place

Horizon/Copernicus Re-entry

Completed under early Labour government (2024-25)
UK re-associated with Horizon Europe and Copernicus programmes
Now operational with UK researchers able to bid for grants

Political Headwinds

Labour local election losses (May 2026): Politico reported "Labour losses rattle EU reset" (11 May 2026)
Reform UK gains under Farage have created political pressure on the reset
Labour leadership contest speculation (Streeting, Burnham) has put Brexit back under political spotlight (BBC, 17 May 2026)
Makerfield by-election being framed as a proxy battle on EU relations

Public Opinion Shift

Polling consistently shows majority public support for closer UK-EU relations
David Miliband argued UK needs "national consensus" over rejoining EU (Guardian, 23 May 2026) — reflecting new political acceptability of pro-EU discourse
Starmer stated Brexit "significantly" hurt British economy (Politico, Dec 2025) — a landmark admission from a sitting PM
EU Parliament President Metsola called for "exorcism" of ghosts in UK-EU ties (Politico, Feb 2026)
UK seeking closer EU ties driven by Trump/Iran war context and strained UK-US relations

Other Notable Developments

New EU ambassador to UK: Jukka Salovaara (Finnish diplomat) appointed May 2026 — signals EU's commitment to reset
Extra border checks suspended: EU border checks at Dover suspended amid heatwave delays (Guardian, 23 May 2026) — operational challenges of post-Brexit border persist
Quitting ECHR debate: Rights chief warned quitting ECHR would "group Britain with Russia" (Politico, May 2026)
Macron state visit: Accepted invitation from King Charles for July 2025 (occurred) — symbolic reset moment

Sources

Politico Europe — "Labour losses rattle EU reset" (11 May 2026)
Politico Europe — "EU Parliament chief Metsola calls for 'exorcism' of ghosts" (Feb 2026)
Politico Europe — "Fish, the court and youth access: EU's demands" (Dec 2024)
Politico Europe — "Starmer admitted Brexit 'significantly' hurt UK economy" (Dec 2025)
BBC News — "UK EU Minister outlines 'ruthlessly pragmatic' reset strategy" (Apr 2026)
BBC News — "Kallas: fishing shouldn't block defence pact" (May 2025)
BBC News — "Makerfield by-election: proxy battle on EU relations" (May 2026)
Guardian — "Miliband: UK needs national consensus on rejoining EU" (23 May 2026)
Guardian — "Extra EU border checks suspended at Dover amid heatwave" (23 May 2026)
Politico Europe — "UK wargamed AI-driven NATO conflict with Russia" (2026)

Far-Right & Populist Surge

Last updated: 25 May 2026

European Parliament Caucuses After 2024 Elections

The 2024 European Parliament elections saw significant gains for far-right and populist groups. Three main groupings cover the far-right spectrum:

1. Patriots for Europe (PfE)

Formed June 2024 by Orbán, Le Pen, and others
Leader: Jordan Bardella (RN)
Third-largest group in the European Parliament — ~84 MEPs
Includes: RN (France, 30 MEPs), Fidesz (Hungary, pre-defeat), Lega (Italy), FPÖ (Austria), PVV (Netherlands), Vlaams Belang (Belgium), Vox (Spain), Chega (Portugal), Danish People's Party
Campaign slogan: "Make Europe Great Again" — held a "MEGA rally" in Madrid (Feb 2025)
Fiercely anti-EU, nativist, anti-immigration, opposes climate policy

2. European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)

Pre-existing group, centre-right to hard-right
Largest component: Fratelli d'Italia (Meloni, 24 MEPs)
Also includes PiS (Poland), ODS (Czech), Sweden Democrats, Finns Party
4th largest group — ~70 MEPs
More pro-Ukraine and pro-NATO than PfE
Meloni has sought a "respectable far right" positioning — more willing to engage with the EPP

3. Europe of Sovereign Nations (ESN)

The farther-right, more radical group
Includes AfD (Germany) — excluded by PfE as too extreme
~25-30 MEPs
More explicitly ethno-nationalist, anti-EU, and pro-Russia

Overall: Far-right and hard-right MEPs across the three groups represent roughly 180-200 seats out of 720 — about 25-28% of the Parliament. They are not a majority but are large enough to influence debates and coalition formation.

Country-by-Country

🇫🇷 France — Rassemblement National

RN under Le Pen (figurehead) and Bardella (leader, MEP) is the dominant opposition force
Topped 2024 European election in France with ~31%
Positioning for 2027 presidential election — Le Pen remains standard-bearer but Bardella increasingly presented as future
Édouard Philippe (ex-PM, centrist/right) seen as early favourite "to beat populists" (BBC)
RN continues to demand: tougher immigration, "national preference" in jobs and welfare, sovereignty from EU institutions
Concern: Le Pen faces potential EU embezzlement trial appeal verdict (7 July 2026) — could bar her from standing

🇩🇪 Germany — AfD, BSW, CDU Shift Right

AfD: Polling 18-22% nationally — second-strongest party. Strong in eastern Germany. Categorised as rechtsextrem in several states. Lead candidate Alice Weidel. Described as "Russia-friendly" — Politico reported Putin's trolls boosting AfD
BSW (Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht): Polling 5-8%. Left-populist, anti-immigration, anti-NATO, socially conservative. Complicates coalition arithmetic
CDU shift right: Merz shifted CDU rightward on migration — "asylum turnaround," pushbacks, harder deportations. Deliberate strategy to undercut AfD support, risks normalising far-right positions
Centre-left decline: SPD polling in low teens, Greens also declining (Politico: "Germany's center left is on the brink of oblivion")

🇮🇹 Italy — Giorgia Meloni / Fratelli d'Italia

In government since Oct 2022. Governing coalition with Forza Italia and Lega
More pragmatic than feared on Ukraine and EU — but hard line on migration
Constitutional referendum defeat (23 March 2026): 54% No vs 46% Yes — reform to separate judges/prosecutors rejected
First significant electoral defeat for Meloni. Local elections (May 2026) showed coalition still performing well
Press freedom concerns: Politico reported "A dangerous new phase: Under Meloni, concerns for press freedom in Italy mount"
Polling still ~28-30% for FdI as of early 2026

🇳🇱 Netherlands — Wilders / PVV

PVV won 37 seats in Nov 2023 election (first place)
Dick Schoof became PM (July 2024) — Wilders agreed not to take the premiership
Schoof cabinet collapsed (Feb 2026): PVV withdrew June 2025, NSC withdrew Aug 2025
New election Oct 2025: D66's Rob Jetten narrowly beat Wilders
Jetten (38) became Netherlands' youngest ever and first openly gay PM (23 Feb 2026)
Wilders now in opposition, vowing to oppose everything
PVV had driven "strictest migration regime ever" — including opt-out from EU asylum rules

🇦🇹 Austria — FPÖ

Herbert Kickl (FPÖ) won the 2024 general election (~28.8%, first place)
Could not initially form government due to cordon sanitaire by ÖVP and SPÖ
By 2026, ÖVP increasingly willing to coalise — FPÖ-ÖVP coalition likely as the next government
If Kickl becomes Chancellor, he would be Austria's first far-right leader since WWII
Politico: "In Austria's Kickl, the EU has its next Orbán"
Uses term "Volkskanzler" (Nazi connotations) and calls for "remigration"

🇧🇪 Belgium — Vlaams Belang

Led by Tom Van Grieken. Largest party in Flanders, ~17-20% nationally
Came second in June 2024 federal election (surprise defeat to N-VA's De Wever)
All Flemish parties maintain cordon sanitaire against VB
Joined Orbán's Patriots for Europe in July 2024

🇪🇸 Spain — Vox

Led by Santiago Abascal. Third-largest party (~12-14%)
Vox surged 2023 but could not enter government. PP falling short of majority
In coalition with PP at regional level (Castile and León)
Sánchez's move to grant legal status to 500,000 unauthorised immigrants (Apr 2026) — direct challenge to Vox

🇵🇹 Portugal — Chega

Led by André Ventura. Won 18% in March 2024 election (50 seats) — quadrupled 2022 result
Centre-right AD governs with Chega's support in parliament
Chega underperformed expectations in 2025 local elections — suggests a ceiling on support

🇸🇪 Sweden — Sweden Democrats (SD)

Led by Jimmie Åkesson. Second-largest party (~20-22%)
Propping up Kristersson's centre-right coalition via Tidö Agreement
Next election: 13 September 2026. SD positioning to strengthen its kingmaker role
Successfully pushed most restrictive migration policy in Swedish history

🇫🇮 Finland — Finns Party

Led by Riikka Purra (also Finance Minister) — second-largest party, formal coalition partner
Repeatedly damaged by racism scandals but remains in government ~18-20%
Purra's position as Finance Minister in austerity government has forced compromises

🇭🇺 Hungary — Orbán's Fall (April 2026)

The single biggest European political story of 2026.

Viktor Orbán and Fidesz defeated after 16 years in power (since 2010)
Péter Magyar and the Tisza Party won a landslide
BBC: "Orbán's era was over in a flash and Hungary's next PM is a man in a hurry"
Why Orbán lost: massive corruption scandal (pedophile cover-up), economy/inflation/cost-of-living crisis, EU funds frozen, Magyar's effective grassroots campaigning ("Walk for Hungary" demonstrations 2024-25), younger voters turning decisively against Fidesz, fatigue with "illiberal democracy" after 16 years
Magyar: Pro-EU, anti-corruption, rule of law restoration, reconciliation with Brussels
Trump's association became toxic — Politico: "Trump turns totally toxic for Europe's far right" (Apr 2026)
Orbán's removal cleared the way for EU sanctions on Israeli settlers he had previously blocked

🇵🇱 Poland — PiS Lost Power (2023)

PiS lost Oct 2023 election to Donald Tusk's Civic Coalition
PiS remains largest single party (~33-35%). Strong in rural/eastern Poland
Karol Nawrocki (PiS-aligned) won 2025 presidential election — gives PiS veto power over legislation
PiS in financial trouble — national election commission rejected its financial report (Nov 2024)

🇸🇰 Slovakia — Fico / Smer

Fico returned to power Sept 2023 — pro-Russia, anti-Ukraine
PES permanently expelled Smer for far-right turn (Sept 2025)
Fico survived assassination attempt (2024) — used it to attack opposition and media
Government broadly unpopular but Fico's grip remains firm

What's Driving the Surge?

Migration (dominant factor) — 2015-16 refugee crisis reshaped politics. Ongoing Mediterranean arrivals, integration difficulties keep immigration as the top issue
Cost-of-living / economic insecurity — post-COVID inflation, Ukraine war energy crisis, housing shortages
Cultural backlash — against LGBTQ+ rights, gender equality, environmental regulation, multiculturalism
Distrust of institutions — mainstream parties, media, EU institutions seen as out of touch. Corruption scandals play into anti-establishment narratives
Farmer protests — 2023-24 protests across Europe channelled by far right
Russian influence — Politico (May 2026): "Putin's trolls are weakening Merz to boost Russia-friendly far right"
Trump factor (mixed) — initially energised European far right, but by 2026 his association became toxic (Politico, Apr 2026)

How Has the Mainstream Responded?

Dominant response: co-option, not resistance.

Commission (von der Leyen): Moved steadily rightward on migration — New Pact on Migration, returns deals, externalisation
EPP (Weber): Co-opting far-right positions while maintaining leaky cordon sanitaire on formal coalitions
National mainstream right: CDU under Merz, PP in Spain, KOK in Finland, Moderates in Sweden — all shifting right
Cordons sanitaires: Still intact in Belgium, France (fraying), partially in Germany. Collapsing in Austria. Abandoned in Sweden and Finland
Left/Socialist response: Limited. The left has largely accepted rightward framing on migration

Overall verdict: The mainstream has largely conceded the argument on migration and adopted far-right framing, while maintaining institutional barriers to formal power-sharing — barriers that are fraying.

Migration Policy Shift — "Fortress Europe"

New Pact on Migration and Asylum (adopted 2024): Mandatory border screening, faster asylum procedures at borders, solidarity mechanism (relocations or financial contributions), expanded detention
Returns hubs: Commission finalising a plan for "return hubs" in third countries (echoing Australia's offshore processing and UK's Rwanda plan) — Politico (20 May 2026): "EU closes in on migrant returns deal"
EU-Tunisia deal (July 2023) — paying third countries to prevent departures. Replicated with Libya, Mauritania, Turkey
UK-EU cooperation on returns being discussed as part of the reset

Sources

Politico Europe — multiple articles on far-right surge, migration, Orbán defeat
BBC News — country-by-country election results and analysis
Politico Europe — "Trump turns totally toxic for Europe's far right" (Apr 2026)
Politico Europe — "EU closes in on migrant returns deal" (20 May 2026)
Politico Europe — "In Austria's Kickl, the EU has its next Orbán"
Politico Europe — "Putin's trolls are weakening Merz to boost Russia-friendly far right" (May 2026)
BBC News — "Jordan Bardella to lead far-right European Parliament group Patriots for Europe"
BBC News — "Hungary's new PM Magyar sworn in after landslide victory"
Wikipedia — 2024 European Parliament election